Brainy Term Papers

Brainy Term Papers Tech corporations corresponding to Microsoft and Uber have additionally employed economists, although not as many. And whereas different firms have tended to maintain them in centralized models, usually working on forecasting or policy points, Amazon takes a special strategy. It distributes economists across a spread of groups, the place they can, amongst different things, run managed experiments that permit scientific, and subsequently efficient, manipulation of consumer behavior. The growth of the companyâ€"which already introduced in almost $three billion in revenue in its seventh 12 months of existenceâ€"prodded Bezos to adapt his strategies. These allowed him to scale his presence so that even when he wasn’t sitting in a gathering, his gestalt can be there. “We had brunch twice, and at the end we shook palms, in contrast to almost any deal I’ve ever made in enterprise,” Graham advised me. The man who decried gatekeepers was abruptly the keeper of one of the nation’s most important gates. , Donald Graham ready to promote his inheritance, The Washington Post. This description, of course, means that the company’s growth has no natural boundary; no sector of the economic system inherently lies past its core competencies. Relentless could be essentially the most Amazonian word, but Bezos also talks concerning the virtues of wandering. “Wandering is an essential counterbalance to effectivity,” he wrote in a letter to shareholders this year. When I spoke with staff based mostly at Amazon’s Seattle headquarters, they stated what they appreciated most about their employer was the sense of mental autonomy it allowed. Once they'd clearly articulated a mission in an permitted six-pager, they typically had extensive latitude to make it happen, without having to battle through a number of layers of approval. Amazon didn’t spend as much on lobbyists as most of its Big Tech brethren did, at least not until the late Obama years. Amazon appeared less involved about setting policy than securing lucrative contracts. It approached authorities as one other buyer to be obsessed over. It took him several months to visit the Post newsroom and try to allay rank-and-file nervousness in regards to the intentions of the new proprietor. When the Post’s great editor Ben Bradlee died several months into his regime, he determined to attend the funeral solely after Bob Woodward explained its non secular significance. Even as Bezos prided himself on his capacity for considering far into the long run, he also had to fear in regards to the prospect of tomorrow’s collapse. At tightfisted Amazon, there were no big bonuses at 12 months’s finish, no business-class flights for executives on long hauls, no worker kitchens overflowing with protein bars. By the logic of pure selection, it was hardly obvious that a bookstore would turn into the dominant firm in the digital economy. From Amazon’s infancy, Bezos mastered the art of coyly deflecting questions on where he meant to take his company. The press hailed Bezos for displaying such a strong curiosity in the fate of his reporter, a style of how media extol those they regard as their own saviors. But the purchase was a turning point in Bezos’s reputational historyâ€"and realigned his sense of place on the earth. On the eve of the acquisition, Amazon’s relationship with New York publishing was contentious. To save a civically minded institution like the Post was an opportunity to stake a unique legacy for himself. Apple, the messaging platform Slack, and scores of begin-ups all reside on AWS. As the tech corporations invested heavily in coverage, Amazon would often cheer them on and be a part of their coalitions. Graham came up with a shortlist of best homeowners he would pursue, together with the financier David M. Rubenstein, former New York City Mayor Michael Bloomberg, eBay founder Pierre Omidyar, and Bezos. The company is known as for the world’s most voluminous river, however it additionally has tributaries shooting out in all directions. Retailer hardly captures the corporate now that it’s additionally a movie studio, a synthetic-intelligence developer, a tool manufacturer, and an internet-services supplier. But to explain it as a conglomerate isn’t quite right both, on condition that so lots of its companies are tightly built-in or eventually might be. In the vernacular, Amazon is usually lumped along with Silicon Valley. At its non secular middle, nevertheless, Amazon is a retailer, not a tech firm. Amazon needed to elbow its means right into a tightly packed and unforgiving trade, where it faced entrenched entities corresponding to Barnes & Noble, Walmart, and Target. In mass-market retail, the company with the thinnest margin often prevails, and a delicate December can wreck a 12 months. The wandering mentality has also helped Amazon frequently increase into adjacent businessesâ€"or businesses that appear, at first, unrelated. Taylor Hill / GettyMost teams at Amazon are airtight entities; required expertise is embedded in each group. Take Amazon’s sturdy assortment of economists with doctorates. In the past several years, the corporate has hired more than 150 of them, which makes Amazon a far bigger employer of economists than any university within the country.

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Farce and the Mechanical Body in Beckett’s plays - Literature Essay Samples

Beckett is fundamentally anti-logocentric. Throughout his work, he rejects the view that there is an essential order that can be discovered through reason. This is nowhere more clear than in Three Dialogues (1949), in which he deplores centuries of artists who, whilst ‘thrusting towards a more adequate expression of natural experience’, exhibit a foolish and mechanical ‘tropism towards the light’ (towards some imagined, rational reality). For Beckett, the relationship between the artist and his object is doubly unstable, because both parties are in a continual state of flux: the occasion is ‘an unstable term of relation’ and the artist is ‘hardly less so, thanks to his warren of modes and attitudes’. However, Beckett struggled with the ‘dilemma of expression’. How was he meant to expose the Pythagorean cover-up to his audience through the expression which he felt was so inadequate? The importance of an audience’s work is often overlooked by critics, but it is just this activity that allows Beckett to give his view, whilst avoiding expression as far as possible. He repeatedly defamiliarizes his audience through complex farcical situations and (which is entirely linked) through his conception of the mechanical body. In attending a Beckett play one should come to terms with continuously reemerging otherness in all things, and by extension with the non-essential nature of reality. One should be shocked out of ‘estheticized automatism’. Much of the comedy in Beckett’s earlier plays revolves around simple farce. For example, in Waiting for Godot (1953), Estragon and Vladimir are constantly falling over each other, in the manner of circus clowns. One episode, in particular, displays high farce: ‘Together make a sudden rush towards the wings. ESTRAGON stops half-way, runs back, picks up the carrot, stuffs it in his pocket, runs towards VLADIMIR, who is waiting for him, stops again, runs back, picks up his boot, runs to rejoin VLADIMIR.’ Traditional farce is clearly present also in the hat-exchanging in Godot and Krapp’s humorous encounters with bananas in Krapp’s Last Tape (1958). However, this farce is never left just as it is. What appears to be farce in Beckett’s plays always assumes an important defamiliarizing character and transmutes into something far darker. At the beginning of Endgame (1957), for example, Beckett seems to be employing a simple form of farce through Clov’s actions. Beckett had read Bergson’s Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the comic (1900) in about 1930, and at first Clov seems merely to be fulfilling the definition of the comic as set out in Laughter: ‘He gets down, takes three steps towards window left, goes back for ladder, carries it over and sets it down under window left, gets up on it, looks out of window’ These actions are repeated many times (part of Bergson’s definition) and Clov has become more human than mechanical; he ‘nous donne l’impression d’une chose’ (gives us the impression of being a thing). However, Beckett very deliberately departs from Bergson’s model by making Clov laugh at the same point as the audience. This exhibits a certain self-consciousness which breaks down ‘the difference between same and other’, which Weller (2006) takes to be the uniting theme of Baudelaire’s, Bergson’s and Freud’s conceptions of the comic. Elsewhere in the play, Clov exhibits the same self-consciousness, which contrasts to Bergson’s notion that ‘the comic must be – more precisely, it must give the impression of being – completely unaware of its comicality’ (Weller). Most strikingly when he drops the telescope (typical farce) and the states: ‘I did it on purpose.’ The second time Clov laughs, his laughter is no longer spontaneous (he is looking at the same scene out of the window). This makes the audience question their own mechanism when watching comedy – is their laughter really spontaneous or is it manufactured? The third ‘brief laugh’ becomes very dark, and the audience is now entirely excluded from the joke. The final ‘brief laugh’ seemingly arises from the ‘blood-stained handkerchief’ covering Hamm’s face. Before any dialogue has begun, Beckett has collapsed the premise of expression upon which the theatre functions. The action on stage, traditionally, has the same (external) effect on everyone in the audience and clearly guides response. By deconstructing presumed sequences of cause-and-effect, Beckett is essentially shocking is audience out of their own mechanical ‘tropism’. In this element, Beckett’s use of the comic is reunited with Bergson’s. As paraphra sed by Weller (2006), Bergson saw ‘laughter’s function’ as being ‘to recall consciousness to itself, to save the living from the non-living, the human from the non-human’. In a roundabout way, this is precisely what Beckett does. This mutation of farce to force the audience out of their ‘automatism’ and into some more active experience is present throughout Beckett’s plays. At the beginning of Godot, Vladimir enquires how ‘his Highnesss spent the night?’ to which Estragon replies ‘In a ditch.’ This jarring of Estragon’s royal status and his sleeping arrangements produces a very straightforward comic effect. However, within a few lines the audience is lifted out of passive amusement: ‘VLADIMIR: And they didn’t beat you? ESTRAGON: Beat me? Certainly they beat me.’ Throughout the play, the audience is made aware of their own reactions by a consistent suppression of laughter on stage (‘VLADIMIR breaks into a hearty laugh which he immediately suppresses’) and by reminders that, within the world of the play, laughter is prohibited (‘One daren’t even laugh any more.’). In Act Without Words I (1957) Beckett’s playful mutation of farce is pushed to its most extreme articulation. A man in a desert is subjected to slapstick farce at first: he tries to exit the stage and is ‘[i]mmediately flung back on stage’. He attempts this twice in a row, befitting Bergson’s conception of the comic. However, the farce becomes much darker. The dramatic space cruelly withholds the carafe of water from the man, who then thinks to hang himself, but the bough of the tree folds away. He then intends to stab himself with scissors, but these ‘disappear in flies’. The audience are made complicit in the man’s torture. After all, this is a scene composed of comic tropes which they would usually laugh at. Beckett seems to be asking the audience: ‘At what point does your simple farce become suffering? I dare you to laugh now.’ Beckett’s most renowned play, Godot, ends in a cuttingly appropriate way: Estragon’s trousers have fallen down, and, after some stock-farce-miscommunication, Vladimir succeeds in making him pull them up again. This episode fulfils an archetypal farce form. The fact that a play which has been filled with so much suffering, restlessness and even mentions of suicide should end in this way leaves a bad taste in the audience’s collective mouth. If Beckett were ever capable of being moralising, this is the point at which he is. He holds up the mirror to his audience, and shows them an ugly mechanical reflection. In contrast to these complex, interrogative (and wordless) scripts, is Beckett’s first play Eleutheria (1947 – edition trans. Barbara Wright). The play was never performed, and Beckett did not want it to be published. The reasons for Beckett’s dissatisfaction with the script are clear, when assessed on the level of the comic. Simple farce is used throughout the play, especially manifesting in the character of Jacques (who punctuates the dialogue with his knocking on the door and obsequious replies), and in the comedy duo of the glazier and his son, Michel: ‘GLAZIER: Pass me the rule. MICEL: But you’ve already got it. GLAZIER: Monsieur. MICEL: Monsieur. GLAZIER: So I have.’ Farce in Eleutheria, for the most part, works on the most basic level. The audience is sure that, regardless of how disturbing Victor’s situation may get, the glazier and his son will always be on hand to lighten the mood. Furthermore, Eleutheria fails to create the defamiliarizing effect of Beckett’s other, more successful plays. Whereas in Endgame there is a disconnect between the audience’s response (repulsion and confusion at the sight of the bloody handkerchief) and the response on stage (Clov’s laughter), in Eleutheria there is a comforting alignment which creates a sense of security for the audience. For example, when Dr Piouk ‘laughs to himself’ when Violette Krap discovers that her son knows his father is dead, he is reprimanded on stage (Madame Piouk: ‘Andrà ©!’). For Beckett, Eleutheria fails to escape the conditional expressive conventions of the theatre, and therefore fails. Beckett also defamiliarizes his audience through a mechanical conception of humanity. In ‘Dream of Fair to Middling Women’, excerpt e., Beckett writes that ‘[t]o read Balzac is to receive the impression of a chloroformed world [†¦] he has turned all his creatures into clockwork cabbages and can rely on their staying put wherever needed or staying going at whatever speed in whatever direction he chooses.’ The characters in Beckett’s plays, by contrast, cannot be relied on for any kind of logical continuity. Two exchanges from Endgame demonstrate this quality particularly well: ‘HAMM: The alarm, is it working? CLOV: Why wouldn’t it be working? HAMM: ‘Because it’s worked too much.’ ‘HAMM: †¦it’s not worth while opening it [the window]? CLOV: No.HAMM: [Violently.] Then open it!’ In Eleutheria, by comparison, human behavior is far more predictable. Indeed, the directions for the marginal action of Act I read: ‘[Victor’s] movements, although vague, nevertheless follow a fixed rhythm and pattern, so that the audience finally become more or less aware of where he is without having to look at him.’ This is yet another way the play fails by Beckett’s standards. Humans are not a familiar species in Beckett’s plays. They are seen covered in dustsheets (Endgame), reduced to urns (Play, 1964), and periodically show themselves to be ‘unnatural’ (e.g. when Violette Krap calls her own son a ‘monster’). Beckett’s plays are, it seems entirely, set in some kind of dystopian future, in last last days of the human race. Humanity, rather than being a benevolent and loved species, becomes almost taboo: Mme. Krap: ‘Marguerite told us that you love humanity. Is that possible?’ Mme. Piouk: ‘You’re twisting my words.’ Dr Piouk: ‘I don’t love it.’ Mme. Piouk: ‘He’s interested in it. Full stop.’ Mme. Krap: ‘You’re interested in humanity?’ Dr Piouk: ‘I’m not indifferent to it.’ By stepping outside of humanity in this way, and by eschewing all the rhetoric that is usually bound up with the human race, Beckett successfully creates a sense of ‘otherness’. In doing so, he exposes the mechanical nature which underlies human activities. For example, in Happy Days (1961), Winnie methodically brushes her teeth, polishes her spectacles, files her nails etc. and within the intensified space of the theatre these actions begin to look like farce. This gains significance when Winnie highlights that such mindless actions have replaced effective language: ‘What is one to do then, until they [adequate words] come again? Brush and comb the hair if it has not been done, or if there is some doubt, trim the nails if they are in need of trimming, these things tide one over.’ In this way, Beckett has made the audience aware of their own ‘tropism’; their own hopelessly mechanical way of life. Beckett’s plays are uniquely concerned with the body. There is a ‘heart’ that drips in Hamm’s head and a ‘big sore’ inside his ‘breast’. Bodily fluids swill about all the plays (‘oozing puss’ and ‘sanies’ in Elutheria, perspiration in Happy Days, an allusion to semen in Godot). The strong emphasis on the body creates an othering effect. Like Dr Piouk, Beckett insists on his audience becoming aware that ‘You are your organs [†¦] and your organs are you.’ This ‘othering’ of the human body, is arguably at its height in Eleutheria when Victor points out: ‘‘If I was dead, I wouldn’t know I was dead [†¦] That’s where the liberty lies: to see oneself dead.’ Beckett seems to see a complete awareness of the human body as a possible solution to the issue of expression not reflecting experience. In Not I (1973), Beckett explicitly connects the body to expression: ‘her lips moving[†¦]the cheeks†¦the jaws†¦the whole face [†¦] the tongue in the mouth†¦ all those contortions without which†¦no speech possible†¦and yet in the ordinary way†¦not felt at all†¦so intent one is†¦on what one is saying†¦the whole being†¦hanging on its words’ By focusing in words, Beckett says, we are distracted from our visceral experiences (which are, ironically, necessary to produce words!). Not I attempts to remedy this situation to some extent, with fragmentary, almost unintelligible words (as in Play) and a spotlight on the actress’ mouth (Stage in darkness but for MOUTH). Breath (1969) goes even further along this path, completely getting rid of words and replacing them instead with a single physiological action: a human breath. As Ulrika Maude highlights, much of ‘[t]he humour [†¦] begins to recede from Beckett’s writing after Happy Days’. Whilst the comic element of the later plays is indeed lost, the foundation upon which this comic element was based (the mechanization of the body, in line with Bergson’s theory) remains. For example, in Quad (1984) ‘the players [†¦] pace the given area, each following his particular course’ and in Footfalls (1975), May is also continuously pacing. Furthermore, in Rockaby (1980) and What Where (1983), both language and bodily actions reach an almost hypnotic level of mechanism. Such features of the later plays show the extreme impacts of ‘tropism’. Humans in these plays ‘seem to be losing species, regressing to the subhuman, trying to rehearse the figures of instinct but botching the job’ (Allbright, 2003). In his correspondence with the director Alan Schneider, Beckett wrote that ‘my work is for the small theatre’, drawing a comparison between the performance of Endgame at the Royal Court (‘like playing to mahogany, or rather teak) and that at the ‘little Studio des Champs- Elysà ©es’ (where ‘the hooks went in’). This points towards the essential nature of the active audience in Beckett’s plays. Indeed, throughout his plays, Beckett reminds his audience that they are watching a play within a theatre. In Eleutheria, a ‘Spectator’ even climbs on stage and takes part in the action, deploring the audience for being ‘even more of a moron than [the characters] are, rooted to the spot, disgusted, bored, tired, marvelling at so much stupidity.’ In Endgame, Estragon surveys the audience (‘Inspiring prospects’) and in Happy Days Winnie sees a man, representative of the audience ‘standing there gapin g at me [†¦] What’s she doing? he says – What’s the idea? he says – stuck up to her diddies in the bleeding ground – coarse fellow – What does it mean? he says – What’s it meant to mean?’. Beckett sought to defamiliarize his audience, to shock them out of their automatism and to expose the greatest cover up of history: that there is any such thing as essential meaning. This is how he came closest to expressing the issue of expression.

Reports of Gods Death Are a Bit Premature - 1367 Words

The Reports of Gods Death Are a Bit Premature Arguing the death of God is a debate that will last until eternity. Regardless of exploration or religious zeal there are far too many human viewpoints leaning towards the idea of and the strong need for faith. Believing in God for some is as natural as walking upright and it would seem that through such unquestionable faith God would somehow still be alive. But perhaps He is only surviving with the help of life support. For example, it would be difficult to tell a passionate Fundamentalist Christian that God was not alive in his or her heart. Therefore, Nietzches claim of Gods demise would fall on deaf ears, for he or she would, in a sense, be keeping God alive with†¦show more content†¦And if doubt alone didnt kill Him, combine it with a feeling of failure and a broken heart and its no wonder that he has passed on. The question now is: what do we do about it? Because of this death of God the Idea, we must enter into a period of nihilism where we will believe in nothing and doubt everything. Nihilism represents the ultimate logical conclusion of our great values and ideals -- because we must experience nihilism before we can find out what value these values really had. -- We require, at some time, new values (Kaufman 131). Since we are humans and by nature we need to have some form of religion in our lives, we will then begin to create a new religion, a religion of our own. This new Religion will be based upon our own interpretations about our meaning and our existence. We will draw our own conclusions and not rely on religion to simply do it for us. By virtue of having killed God, we will become our own gods! (Kaufman 126). The implications this sudden death holds for us are vast. But what is at the forefront is the idea of rebuilding and starting over. It is not easy to start anything from scratch, and reinventing a new religion for the human race is much more complicated than apple pie. We must begin to have faith in ourselves as individuals, we must look inward and toward the earth. We cannot look solely to science for answers, for thereShow MoreRelatedShort Story: Mars Mission2636 Words   |  11 PagesObergruppenfà ¼hrer Dirlewanger, in command of the Death Star Operations. Even the Reichsfà ¼hrer was shocked at their proximity to the Zealots. The Wehrmacht was surprised by the Zealots and now the SS was going to enjoy massacring them. â€Å"What are you looking at me for? Of course, eliminate them,† smiled the SS Reichsfà ¼hrer, pleasantly surprised that anyone would think that Himmler was going to pause at the thought of eliminating Jews. 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Theories allow us to see the world